Interní Med. 2001; 3(7): 294-298

Nejčastější formy glomerulonefritidy, jejich diagnóza, prognóza a léčba

prof. MUDr. Karel Matoušovic DrSc
II. interní klinika kardiologie a angiologie 1. LF UK a VFN, Praha

Keywords: glomerulonephritis, prognosis, therapy.

Published: December 31, 2001  Show citation

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Matoušovic K. Nejčastější formy glomerulonefritidy, jejich diagnóza, prognóza a léčba. Interní Med. 2001;3(7):294-298.

Glomerulonefritida (GN) je stále jednou z nejčastějších příčin chronického selhání ledvin. Její třídění je založeno na nálezu v ledvinové biopsii, které zahrnuje čtyři základní formy: proliferativní s řadou podtypů, membranózní, nefrotický syndrom s minimálními změnami a fokálně-segmentární glomerulosklerózu. Prognóza GN je dána nejen změnami glomerulů, ale zejména stupněm intersticiální sklerózy, tubulární atrofie a arteriosklerózy. Proto v popisu biopsie ledviny je třeba zhodnotit i tyto patologické změny. Pro úspěšnost léčby je velmi důležitá včasná diagnóza rychle progredující GN. Myslíme na ni při rychle klesající funkci, anémii a sonograficky zvětšených ledvinách. Léčba GN spočívá v normalizaci krevního tlaku, snížení glomerulární hypertenze a proteinurie inhibitory angiotenzin konvertujícího enzymu (ACE) a při snížené funkci omezeném příjmu bílkovin. Imunosupresivní léčbu obvykle zahajujeme glukokortikoidy, u těžkých forem je kombinujeme s alkylačními cytostatiky.

The Most Frequent Forms of Glomerulonephritis, their Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment

Glomerulonephritis represents one of the common causes of chronic renal failure. Its classification is based upon findings in renal biopsy, which includes four basic types: proliferative with subtypes, membranous one, nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes and focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis. Prognosis of GN is determined not only by glomerular damage, but mainly by the level of interstitial sclerosis, tubular atrophy and arteriosclerosis. Therefore there must be an evaluation of these pathologic findings in renal biopsy. An early diagnosis of rapidly progressive GN is crucial for a successful treatment. Our attention is focused on fast decline in renal function, anemia and renal ultrasound of enlarged kidneys. Treatment of GN consists of normalization of blood pressure, decrease of glomerular hypertension and proteinuria by ACE inhibitors and by limited protein intake during inadequate renal function. Immunosuppressive therapy begins usually with corticosteroids combined with alkylating chemotherapeutic agents.

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