Interní Med. 2001; 3(11): 517-521

Diferenciální diagnostika kašle

prof. MUDr. Vítězslav Kolek CSc
Klinika plicních nemocí a tuberkulózy, FN a LF UP Olomouc

Keywords: persistent cough, differential diagnosis, prevalent forms.

Published: December 31, 2001  Show citation

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Kolek V. Diferenciální diagnostika kašle. Interní Med. 2001;3(11):517-521.

Kašel je jedním z nejčastějších symptomů, které vedou nemocného k lékaři. Zhoršuje kvalitu života a někdy může být podceňovaným příznakem vážného onemocnění. V patofyziologii se spojují neurosekreční, biochemické a imunitní mechanizmy s morfologickým poškozením bronchiální sliznice a následnými poruchami respiračních funkcí. Diferenciální diagnostika příčin kašle bývá někdy obtížná, a to především u dlouhodobě trvajících forem. V klinické praxi je důležité odlišit akutní a chronický kašel. Podle mezinárodně doporučené definice trvá chronický kašel déle než 3 týdny, ale velmi mnoho lékařů akceptuje delší hranici, a to 7 až 8 týdnů (5, 8). Rozdílně lze posuzovat chronický dráždivý nebo produktivní kašel s vykašláváním sputa různé kvality. Toto dělení však nemůže být striktní, neboť existuje řada stavů, kdy mohou obě formy v sebe přecházet.

Differential Diagnosis of Cough

Cough remains one of the most frequent symptoms for which a patient may seek medical help. It decreases the quality of life and, in some cases, may be underestimated as a sign of serious illness. Neurosecretory, biochemical and immunological mechanisms, accompanied by morphological damage of the bronchial surface, are the main culprits in the pathophysiology. These are followed by disturbances in the respiratory functions. The differential diagnosis of cough can sometimes be perplexing, especially in the long-lasting manifestation. In clinical practice we have to differentiate between the acute and chronic form of the disease. According to the internationally recommended definition a persistent cough is one which lasts for more than 3 weeks, but the majority of physicians accept a longer period of up to 7-8 weeks. A chronic, nonproductive irritable cough (dry cough) can be distinguished from a sputum-producing cough with different sputum appearance. This distinction cannot be precise because in many instances we can see both of these forms, and a shift from one type to another.

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