Interní Med. 2003; 5(2): 61-67
Vitaminy
- doc. MUDr. Luboš Sobotka CSc
- Klinika gerontologická a metabolická, FN Hradec Králové
Keywords: nutrition, vitamins, deficit of vitamins, recommended intake of vitamins.
Published: December 31, 2003 Show citation
Sobotka L. Vitaminy. Interní Med. 2003;5(2):61-67.
Vitaminy jsou nezbytné složky výživy, které není organizmus schopen syntetizovat. Jejich deficit se projevuje nespecifickými příznaky i projevy, které jsou typické pro karenci jednotlivých vitaminů. V našem přehledném článku jsou uvedeny základní funkce jednotlivých vitaminů, projevy jejich karence a doporučované denní dávky. Z tabulek, v nichž je uveden obsah jednotlivých vitaminů v potravinách, vyplývá, že při konzumaci vyvážené stravy jsou do organizmu vitaminy dodávány v potřebném množství.
VITAMINS
Vitamins are indispensable components of our diet. They are organic in nature; however, we are not able to synthesize them. Deficit of specific vitamins leads to non-specific symptoms as well as to clues, which are specific for deficiencies of particular vitamins. We present basic functions, signs of deficiency and recommended daily dosages of all vitamins. The contents of specific vitamins in particular food items are also demonstrated in our article. It is apparent from our review that if we eat adequate intake compete balanced diet there is no need of vitamin supplementation.
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References
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Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Akikusa J, Garrick D, Nash M. Scurvy: Forgotten but not gone. J Paediatr Child Health 2003; 39: 75-77.
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Go to PubMed...
- Alfthan G, Laurinen MS, Valsta LM, Pastinen T, Aro A. Folate intake, plasma folate and homocysteine status in a random Finnish population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 81-88.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Allen LH. Impact of vitamin B-12 deficiency during lactation on maternal and infant health. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 503: 57-67.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Asson-Batres MA, Zeng MS, Savchenko V, Aderoju A, McKanna J. Vitamin A deficiency leads to increased cell proliferation in olfactory epithelium of mature rats. J Neurobiol 2003; 54: 539-554.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bates CJ, Schneede J, Mishra G, Prentice A, Mansoor MA. Relationship between methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, vitamin B(12) intake and status and socio-economic indices, in a subset of participants in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 349-357.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bates CJ. Vitamin analysis. Ann Clin Biochem 1997; 34: 599-626.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Begley TP. The biosynthesis and degradation of thiamin (vitamin B1). Nat Prod Rep 1996; 13: 177-185.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bender DA. Optimum nutrition: thiamin, biotin and pantothenate. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 427-433.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Benzie IF. Vitamin C: prospective functional markers for defining optimal nutritional status. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 469-476.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bower C, Wald NJ. Vitamin B12 deficiency and the fortification of food with folic acid. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49: 787-793.
- Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Selvin S, Schaffer DM. Diet quality and risk of neural tube defects. Med Hypotheses 2003; 60: 351-355.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Chaudiere J, Ferrari-Iliou R. Intracellular antioxidants: from chemical to biochemical mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37: 949-962.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Christakos S, Dhawan P, Liu Y, Peng X, Porta A. New insights into the mechanisms of vitamin D action. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88: 695-705.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Coburn SP. Modeling vitamin B6 metabolism. Adv Food Nutr Res 1996; 40: 107-132.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Cunningham J. Use of vitamin D and its derivatives in chronic renal failure. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 1999; 29: 207-219.
Go to PubMed...
- de Bree A, Verschuren WM, Blom HJ, Nadeau M, Trijbels FJ, Kromhout D. Coronary heart disease mortality, plasma homocysteine, and B-vitamins: a prospective study. Atherosclerosis 2003; 166: 369-377.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Devi SA, Prathima S, Subramanyam MV. Dietary vitamin E and physical exercise: II. Antioxidant status and lipofuscin-like substances in aging rat heart. Exp Gerontol 2003; 38: 291-297.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Furie B, Bouchard BA, Furie BC. Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Blood 1999; 93: 1798-808.
Go to original source...
- Gerhard GT, Duell PB. Homocysteine and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999; 10: 417-428.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Gerster H. Vitamin A-functions, dietary requirements and safety in humans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1997; 67: 71-90.
- Gregory JF, Quinlivan EP. In vivo kinetics of folate metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 2002; 22: 199-220.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Hasenau SM, Covington C. Neural tube defects. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2002; 27: 87-91.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997; 6 Suppl 1: S43-45.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ. Adult scurvy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41(6): 895-906.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Ihara M, Ito T, Yanagihara C, Nishimura Y. Wernicke's encephalopathy associated with hemodialysis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1999; 101: 118-121.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Kruger WD. Vitamins and homocysteine metabolism. Vitam Horm 2000; 60: 333-352.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- LeMone P. Vitamins and minerals. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1999; 28: 520-533.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Livrea MA, Tesoriere L. Antioxidant activity of vitamin A within lipid environments. Subcell Biochem 1998; 30: 113-143.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Maden M, Hind M. Retinoic acid, a regeneration-inducing molecule. Dev Dyn 2003; 226: 237-244.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Mattson MP, Kruman II, Duan W. Folic acid and homocysteine in age-related disease. Ageing Res Rev 2002; 1: 95-111.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- McCullough FS, Northrop-Clewes CA, Thurnham DI. The effect of vitamin A on epithelial integrity. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 289-293.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- McNinch A. The vitamin K story. Midwives 1997; 110: 56-58.
Go to PubMed...
- Monga M. Vitamin A and its congeners. Semin Perinatol 1997; 21: 135-142.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Morrissey PA, Sheehy PJ. Optimal nutrition: vitamin E. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 459-468.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Nagpal S, Chandraratna RA. Vitamin A and regulation of gene expression. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998; 1: 341-346.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Newman P, Shearer MJ. Vitamin K metabolism. Subcell Biochem 1998; 30: 455-488.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Nishijima S, Sugaya K, Morozumi M, Hatano T, Ogawa Y. Hepatic alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase activity and oxalate metabolism in vitamin B6 deficient rats. J Urol 2003; 169: 683-686.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Noguchi N, Gotoh N, Niki E. Action of vitamin E as antioxidant against oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Biofactors 1998; 7: 41-50.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Prescott NJ, Malcolm S. Folate and the face: evaluating the evidence for the influence of folate genes on craniofacial development. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002; 39: 327-331.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Ray R. Molecular recognition in vitamin D-binding protein. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1996; 212: 305-312.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sahyoun NR. Vitamin C: what do we know and how much do we need? Nutrition 1997; 13: 835-836.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Saw SM. Homocysteine and atherosclerotic disease: the epidemiologic evidence. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1999; 28: 565-568.
- Scott JM. Folate and vitamin B12. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 441-448.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Segaert S, Bouillon R. Vitamin D and regulation of gene expression. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998; 1: 347-354.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Smith J, Steinemann TL. Vitamin A deficiency and the eye. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2000; 40: 83-91.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sommer A. Xerophthalmia and vitamin A status. Prog Retin Eye Res 1998; 17: 9-31.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Allen RH. Vitamin B-12 deficiency in the elderly: current dilemmas. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 741-749.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996; 347: 781-786.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Stumpf DA. Symptoms of B(12) deficiency can occur in women of childbearing age supplemented with folate. Neurology 2003; 60: 353.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Thurnham DI, Northrop-Clewes CA. Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 449-457.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Thurnham DI, Northrop-Clewes CA. Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 449-457.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Traber MG, Sies H. Vitamin E in humans: demand and delivery. Annu Rev Nutr 1996; 16: 321-347.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Traber MG. Regulation of human plasma vitamin E. Adv Pharmacol 1997; 38: 49-63.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- van den Berg H. Vitamin A intake and status. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50 (Suppl 3): S7-12.
- Wald NJ, Hackshaw AD, Stone R, Sourial NA. Blood folic acid and vitamin B12 in relation to neural tube defects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103: 319-324.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Wang Y. Folic acid supplements during early pregnancy and likelihood of multiple births: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 2003; 361: 380-384.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Warren CJ. What is homocysteine? Am J Nurs 1999; 99: 39-41.
Go to original source...
- Weber P, Bendich A, Machlin LJ. Vitamin E and human health: rationale for determining recommended intake levels. Nutrition 1997; 13: 450-460.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Wendland BE, Greenwood CE, Weinberg I, Young KW. Malnutrition in Institutionalized Seniors: The Iatrogenic Component. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 85-90.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Widner B, Enzinger C, Laich A, Wirleitner B, Fuchs D. Hyperhomocysteinemia, pteridines and oxidative stress. Curr Drug Metab 2002; 3: 225-232.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Wiegand UW, Hartmann S, Hummler H. Safety of vitamin A: recent results Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1998; 68: 411-416.
- Zempleni J. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin B6 supplements in humans. J Am Coll Nutr 1995; 14: 579-586.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Adiga GU, Dharmarajan TS. Vitamin B12 and methyl malonic Acid: do we have all the answers? J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 279-280.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Akikusa J, Garrick D, Nash M. Scurvy: Forgotten but not gone. J Paediatr Child Health 2003; 39: 75-77.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Alfthan G, Laurinen MS, Valsta LM, Pastinen T, Aro A. Folate intake, plasma folate and homocysteine status in a random Finnish population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 81-88.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Allen LH. Impact of vitamin B-12 deficiency during lactation on maternal and infant health. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 503: 57-67.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Asson-Batres MA, Zeng MS, Savchenko V, Aderoju A, McKanna J. Vitamin A deficiency leads to increased cell proliferation in olfactory epithelium of mature rats. J Neurobiol 2003; 54: 539-554.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bates CJ, Schneede J, Mishra G, Prentice A, Mansoor MA. Relationship between methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, vitamin B(12) intake and status and socio-economic indices, in a subset of participants in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 349-357.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bates CJ. Vitamin analysis. Ann Clin Biochem 1997; 34: 599-626.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Begley TP. The biosynthesis and degradation of thiamin (vitamin B1). Nat Prod Rep 1996; 13: 177-185.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bender DA. Optimum nutrition: thiamin, biotin and pantothenate. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 427-433.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Benzie IF. Vitamin C: prospective functional markers for defining optimal nutritional status. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 469-476.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bower C, Wald NJ. Vitamin B12 deficiency and the fortification of food with folic acid. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49: 787-793.
- Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Selvin S, Schaffer DM. Diet quality and risk of neural tube defects. Med Hypotheses 2003; 60: 351-355.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Chaudiere J, Ferrari-Iliou R. Intracellular antioxidants: from chemical to biochemical mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37: 949-962.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Christakos S, Dhawan P, Liu Y, Peng X, Porta A. New insights into the mechanisms of vitamin D action. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88: 695-705.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Coburn SP. Modeling vitamin B6 metabolism. Adv Food Nutr Res 1996; 40: 107-132.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Cunningham J. Use of vitamin D and its derivatives in chronic renal failure. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 1999; 29: 207-219.
Go to PubMed...
- de Bree A, Verschuren WM, Blom HJ, Nadeau M, Trijbels FJ, Kromhout D. Coronary heart disease mortality, plasma homocysteine, and B-vitamins: a prospective study. Atherosclerosis 2003; 166: 369-377.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Devi SA, Prathima S, Subramanyam MV. Dietary vitamin E and physical exercise: II. Antioxidant status and lipofuscin-like substances in aging rat heart. Exp Gerontol 2003; 38: 291-297.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Furie B, Bouchard BA, Furie BC. Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Blood 1999; 93: 1798-808.
Go to original source...
- Gerhard GT, Duell PB. Homocysteine and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999; 10: 417-428.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Gerster H. Vitamin A-functions, dietary requirements and safety in humans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1997; 67: 71-90.
- Gregory JF, Quinlivan EP. In vivo kinetics of folate metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 2002; 22: 199-220.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Hasenau SM, Covington C. Neural tube defects. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2002; 27: 87-91.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997; 6 Suppl 1: S43-45.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ. Adult scurvy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41(6): 895-906.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Ihara M, Ito T, Yanagihara C, Nishimura Y. Wernicke's encephalopathy associated with hemodialysis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1999; 101: 118-121.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Kruger WD. Vitamins and homocysteine metabolism. Vitam Horm 2000; 60: 333-352.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- LeMone P. Vitamins and minerals. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1999; 28: 520-533.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Livrea MA, Tesoriere L. Antioxidant activity of vitamin A within lipid environments. Subcell Biochem 1998; 30: 113-143.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Maden M, Hind M. Retinoic acid, a regeneration-inducing molecule. Dev Dyn 2003; 226: 237-244.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Mattson MP, Kruman II, Duan W. Folic acid and homocysteine in age-related disease. Ageing Res Rev 2002; 1: 95-111.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- McCullough FS, Northrop-Clewes CA, Thurnham DI. The effect of vitamin A on epithelial integrity. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 289-293.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- McNinch A. The vitamin K story. Midwives 1997; 110: 56-58.
Go to PubMed...
- Monga M. Vitamin A and its congeners. Semin Perinatol 1997; 21: 135-142.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Morrissey PA, Sheehy PJ. Optimal nutrition: vitamin E. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 459-468.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Nagpal S, Chandraratna RA. Vitamin A and regulation of gene expression. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998; 1: 341-346.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Newman P, Shearer MJ. Vitamin K metabolism. Subcell Biochem 1998; 30: 455-488.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Nishijima S, Sugaya K, Morozumi M, Hatano T, Ogawa Y. Hepatic alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase activity and oxalate metabolism in vitamin B6 deficient rats. J Urol 2003; 169: 683-686.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Noguchi N, Gotoh N, Niki E. Action of vitamin E as antioxidant against oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Biofactors 1998; 7: 41-50.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Prescott NJ, Malcolm S. Folate and the face: evaluating the evidence for the influence of folate genes on craniofacial development. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002; 39: 327-331.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Ray R. Molecular recognition in vitamin D-binding protein. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1996; 212: 305-312.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sahyoun NR. Vitamin C: what do we know and how much do we need? Nutrition 1997; 13: 835-836.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Saw SM. Homocysteine and atherosclerotic disease: the epidemiologic evidence. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1999; 28: 565-568.
- Scott JM. Folate and vitamin B12. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 441-448.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Segaert S, Bouillon R. Vitamin D and regulation of gene expression. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998; 1: 347-354.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Smith J, Steinemann TL. Vitamin A deficiency and the eye. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2000; 40: 83-91.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sommer A. Xerophthalmia and vitamin A status. Prog Retin Eye Res 1998; 17: 9-31.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Allen RH. Vitamin B-12 deficiency in the elderly: current dilemmas. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 741-749.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996; 347: 781-786.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Stumpf DA. Symptoms of B(12) deficiency can occur in women of childbearing age supplemented with folate. Neurology 2003; 60: 353.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Thurnham DI, Northrop-Clewes CA. Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 449-457.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Thurnham DI, Northrop-Clewes CA. Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 449-457.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Traber MG, Sies H. Vitamin E in humans: demand and delivery. Annu Rev Nutr 1996; 16: 321-347.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Traber MG. Regulation of human plasma vitamin E. Adv Pharmacol 1997; 38: 49-63.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- van den Berg H. Vitamin A intake and status. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50 (Suppl 3): S7-12.
- Wald NJ, Hackshaw AD, Stone R, Sourial NA. Blood folic acid and vitamin B12 in relation to neural tube defects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103: 319-324.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Wang Y. Folic acid supplements during early pregnancy and likelihood of multiple births: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 2003; 361: 380-384.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Warren CJ. What is homocysteine? Am J Nurs 1999; 99: 39-41.
Go to original source...
- Weber P, Bendich A, Machlin LJ. Vitamin E and human health: rationale for determining recommended intake levels. Nutrition 1997; 13: 450-460.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Wendland BE, Greenwood CE, Weinberg I, Young KW. Malnutrition in Institutionalized Seniors: The Iatrogenic Component. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 85-90.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Widner B, Enzinger C, Laich A, Wirleitner B, Fuchs D. Hyperhomocysteinemia, pteridines and oxidative stress. Curr Drug Metab 2002; 3: 225-232.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Wiegand UW, Hartmann S, Hummler H. Safety of vitamin A: recent results Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1998; 68: 411-416.
- Zempleni J. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin B6 supplements in humans. J Am Coll Nutr 1995; 14: 579-586.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...