Interní Med. 2003; 5(5): 6-10

Neurologické projevy diabetes mellitus

MUDr. Helena Vondrová CSc
Neurologická klinika FTN, Praha

Keywords: hypoglycaemia with focal symptoms, brain edema, focal epilepsy, polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, autonomic neuropathy.

Published: December 31, 2003  Show citation

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Vondrová H. Neurologické projevy diabetes mellitus. Interní Med. 2003;5(5):6-10.

Diabetes mellitus ovlivňuje nepříznivě jak periferní, tak centrální nervový systém. Lehká hypoglykemie působí negativně na kognitivní funkce. Těžká hypoglykemie může být příčinou centrálních ložiskových příznaků. Při diabetické ketoacidóze je mozek ohrožen edémem a jedním z neurologických projevů hyperosmolární hyperglykemie bez ketoacidózy mohou být fokální epileptické záchvaty, které nereagují na léčbu antiepileptiky. Častěji než u nediabetiků se u diabetiků vyskytují ischemické cévní mozkové příhody. Při postižení periferních nervů vzniká v důsledku hyperglykemie nejčastěji symetrická distální polyneuropatie s projevy senzitivně-motorickými. Mohou být poškozeny i jednotlivé periferní nervy včetně mozkových - mononeuropatie. Vzácněji se vyskytuje, a to převážně u starších diabetiků 2. typu, proximální motorická neuropatie. Závažnou komplikací DM je autonomní neuropatie s postižením zvláště zažívacího, kardiovaskulárního a urogenitálního systému.

Diabetes and the nervous system

Diabetes mellitus (DM) negatively affects both the peripheral and central nervous system. The studies of the central symptoms have been limited. Hypoglycaemia may cause central focal symptoms. In older diabetics, the cognitive functions suffer during hypoglycaemia. During diabetic ketoacidosis, the brain may develop the brain edema. Hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycaemia may present by focal epileptic seizures, which resist to treatment by antiepileptic drugs. There is higher prevalence of ischemic stroke in diabetics than in non-diabetics. When the peripheral nerve system is affected due to hyperglycaemia, usually a distal symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy or the damage of peripheral nerves, including the cranial nerves (mononeuropathy), occur. Motor proximal involvement in diabetic amyotrophy occurs significantly less frequently. A serious complication of DM is autonomic neuropathy affecting mostly the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and genitourinary tracts.

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