Interní Med. 2003; 5(10): 491-495

Inzulinová rezistence a metabolický syndrom

prof. MUDr. Terezie Pelikánová, DrSc

Keywords: insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction.

Published: December 31, 2003  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Pelikánová T, DrSc. Inzulinová rezistence a metabolický syndrom. Interní Med. 2003;5(10):491-495.

prof. MUDr. Terezie Pelikánová, DrSc

.

Centrum diabetologie, Institut klinické a experimentální medicíny, Praha

Inzulinová rezistence (IR) znamená poruchu v účinku inzulinu a definujeme ji jako stav, při níž normální hladiny inzulinu v plazmě vyvolávají nižší biologickou odpověď organizmu. IR je asociována s řadou onemocnění. Kvantitativně nejvýznamnější část osob s IR tvoří osoby s metabolickým syndromem (MS), který se proto také označuje jako syndrom IR. Tento syndrom, který nacházíme u 25-30 % nediabetické populace, představuje soubor klinických, biochemických a humorálních odchylek, jež vznikají v souvislosti s poruchou účinku inzulinu v metabolizmu glukózy. Pestrost projevů MS je dána skutečností, že IR se nemusí stejnoměrně týkat ostatních účinků inzulinu, například ovlivnění metabolizmu tuků a bílkovin, efektu proliferačního a mitogenního nebo vlivu na sekreci vazoaktivních a trofických faktorů.

Mezi typické součásti syndromu patří kromě IR také hyperinzulinémie, centrální obezita, esenciální hypertenze, některé typy dyslipoproteinémií, porucha glukózové homeostázy a diabetes mellitus 2. typu, hyperurikémie, poruchy hemokoagulace, endoteliální dysfunkce a zvýšení ukazatelů zánětlivé aktivity (CRP, selektiny, adhezní molekuly, prozánětlivé cytokiny). Syndrom se postupně rozrůstá o další biochemické a klinické projevy, jako je například nealkoholická steatohepatitida, ovariální hyperandrogenizmus a hirsutizmus, hyperhomocysteinémie a další. Uvedené klinické projevy se téměř pravidelně sdružují, avšak přítomnost všech odchylek není podmínkou pro vyslovení diagnózy.

Klinický význam MS spočívá v jeho roli při rozvoji aterosklerózy a výskytu kardiovaskulárních komplikací, zvýšení celkové morbidity a mortality a rizika vzniku některých nádorů, například karcinomů tračníku, prostaty, plic a dělohy.

Ve sdělení jsou rozebrány základní principy diagnostiky a péče o nemocné s MS.

Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome

Insulin resistance (IR) means an impairment of insulin efficiency and is defined as a state, when normal plasma insulin levels render lesser biologic response in organism. IR is associated with an array of diseases. The most significant number of persons with IR are patients with metabolic syndrome (MS), which is then sometimes identified as a syndrome of IR. This syndrome, that is to be found in 25-30% of nondiabetic population, is characterized by range of clinical, biochemical and humoral variations stemming from impaired insulin impact on glucose metabolism. The variety of MS manifestations are due to the other not uniform insulin effects, for example on lipid and protein metabolism, its proliferative and mitogennic effect or and its impact on secretion of vasoactive and trofic factors.

The typical features of syndrome besides IR are following: hyperinsulinemia, central obesity, essential hypertension, some types of dyspilidemias, glucose metabolism impairment and diabetes mellitus type 2, hyperuricemia, disorders of haemocoagulation, endothelial dysfunction and propensity to higher levels of inflammatory factors (CRP, selectins, adhesive molecules, proinflammatory cytokines). Syndrome subsequently includes further biochemical and clinical signs, for example nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, ovarial hyperandrogenism and hirsutism, hyperhomocysteinemia and so on. Above mentioned clinical signs are expressed regularly, but presence of all is not required to establish the diagnosis.

The clinical importance of MS consists in its role in atherosclerosis process and development of cardiovascular complications, in an increase of total morbidity and mortality and risk of some tumors growth, for example of colon, prostate and lung cancers.

Basic principles of diagnosis and management of patients with MS are discussed in this paper.

Download citation

References

  1. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes ellitus, provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabetic Medicine 1998; 15: 539-553. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  2. Bloomgarden ZT. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE). Consensus conference on the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 933-939. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  3. Ginsberg HN. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 453-458. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  4. Hanley AJG, Williams K, Stern MP, Haffner SM. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1177-84. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  5. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Menard J, Rahn KH, Wedel H, Westerling S. for the HOT Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755-1762. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  6. (HOPE) The Hearth Outcomes Prevention Study Investigators. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. N Engl Med 2000; 342: 145-153. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  7. Howard G, OLeary DH, Zaccaro D, Haffner, S, Rewers M, Hamman R, Selby JV, Saad MF, Savage P, Bergman R, for the IRAS Investigators. Insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis. Circulation 1996; 93: 1809-1817. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  8. Miller DE. Syndromes associated with insulin resistance. In: LeRoith D, Tailor SI, Olefsky JM (eds). Diabetes mellitus. A fundamental and clinical text. 2nd edition, Lippincot Williams &Wilkins PA USA 2000: 991-999.
  9. National Institutes of Health. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of hihg blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III). Washington DC, US Govt. Printing Office, 2001 (NIH publ. no. 01-3670). Go to original source...
  10. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-1607. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  11. Společné doporučení českých odborných společností. Prevence ischemické choroby srdeční v dospělém věku. Vnitřní lékařství 2000; 46 (suppl. 1): 14-22. Go to PubMed...
  12. Svačina Š, Owen K, Bretšnajderová A. Syndrom inzulínové rezistence. Praha Triton 2003: 185s.
  13. Taskinen MR. Diabetic dyslipidaemia: from basic research to clinical practice. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 733-749. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  14. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853. Go to original source...




Internal Medicine for Practice

Madam, Sir,
please be aware that the website on which you intend to enter, not the general public because it contains technical information about medicines, including advertisements relating to medicinal products. This information and communication professionals are solely under §2 of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. Is active persons authorized to prescribe or supply (hereinafter expert).
Take note that if you are not an expert, you run the risk of danger to their health or the health of other persons, if you the obtained information improperly understood or interpreted, and especially advertising which may be part of this site, or whether you used it for self-diagnosis or medical treatment, whether in relation to each other in person or in relation to others.

I declare:

  1. that I have met the above instruction
  2. I'm an expert within the meaning of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. the regulation of advertising, as amended, and I am aware of the risks that would be a person other than the expert input to these sites exhibited


No

Yes

If your statement is not true, please be aware
that brings the risk of danger to their health or the health of others.